Learn Heat and Mass Transfer with Data Book by John H. Lienhard IV and John H. Lienhard V
Heat And Mass Transfer Data Book Pdf Download
Heat and mass transfer are two fundamental phenomena that occur in nature and engineering systems. They involve the exchange of energy and matter between different bodies or phases. Understanding heat and mass transfer is essential for designing and optimizing various processes and devices such as power plants, refrigerators, engines, turbines, boilers, heat exchangers, solar panels, air conditioners and more.
Heat And Mass Transfer Data Book Pdf Download
A data book is a collection of various material property data and formulae in the field of heat and mass transfer. It provides useful information for students, teachers and practicing engineers who need to solve heat and mass transfer problems. A data book can help you find the values of physical properties such as density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, viscosity, surface tension, etc. for different materials at different temperatures. It can also help you find the empirical correlations and charts for conduction, convection, radiation, boiling, condensation, freezing, melting, heat exchangers and mass transfer.
In this article, we will introduce you to some basic concepts and types of heat and mass transfer, the properties of materials that affect heat and mass transfer, the design and performance of heat exchangers, the principles and applications of mass transfer, and some sources of heat and mass transfer data books that you can download for free or purchase online.
Types of Heat and Mass Transfer
Conduction
Conduction is the mode of heat transfer that occurs within a solid or between two solids in contact due to molecular vibrations or collisions. The rate of conduction depends on the temperature gradient, the cross-sectional area, the length and the thermal conductivity of the material. The formula for conduction is given by Fourier's law:
q = -kA(dT/dx)
where q is the heat flux (W/m), k is the thermal conductivity (W/mK), A is the cross-sectional area (m), and (dT/dx) is the temperature gradient (K/m).
Some examples of conduction are heat transfer through a metal rod, a wall, a window, etc.
Convection
Convection is the mode of heat transfer that occurs between a solid surface and a fluid (liquid or gas) in motion due to the combined effects of molecular diffusion and bulk fluid motion. The rate of convection depends on the temperature difference between the surface and the fluid, the velocity and the geometry of the fluid flow, and the convective heat transfer coefficient of the fluid. The formula for convection is given by Newton's law of cooling:
q = hA(Ts - Tf)
where q is the heat flux (W/m), h is the convective heat transfer coefficient (W/mK), A is the surface area (m), Ts is the surface temperature (K), and Tf is the fluid temperature (K).
Some examples of convection are heat transfer from a hot plate to air, from a radiator to a room, from a human body to the environment, etc.
Radiation
Radiation is the mode of heat transfer that occurs between two bodies or surfaces due to electromagnetic waves without any intervening medium. The rate of radiation depends on the emissivity, the surface area, the temperature and the view factor of the bodies or surfaces. The formula for radiation is given by Stefan-Boltzmann law:
q = εσA(Ts - Tsurr)Fs-surr
where q is the heat flux (W/m), ε is the emissivity (dimensionless), σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10 W/mK) , A
is the surface area (m) , Ts
is the surface temperature (K) , Tsurr
is the surrounding temperature (K) , and Fs-surr
is the view factor between the surface and the surrounding (dimensionless).
Some examples of radiation are heat transfer from the sun to the earth, from a fire to a person, from an electric bulb to a room, etc.
Boiling and Condensation
Boiling and condensation are special types of phase change heat transfer that occur when a liquid changes to a vapor or vice versa at a constant temperature and pressure. The rate of boiling and condensation depends on the latent heat of vaporization or condensation, the surface area, the temperature difference between the surface and the fluid, and the boiling or condensation heat transfer coefficient of the fluid. The formula for boiling and condensation is similar to convection:
q = hA(Ts-Tf)
The only difference is that Tf
is equal to the saturation temperature of the fluid at a given pressure.
The boiling or condensation heat transfer coefficient h
is usually determined experimentally or by empirical correlations.
The boiling process can be classified into four regimes: pool boiling, forced convection boiling, film boiling and critical heat flux. The condensation process can be classified into two types: film condensation and dropwise condensation.
```html Freezing and Melting
Freezing and melting are another types of phase change heat transfer that occur when a solid changes to a liquid or vice versa at a constant temperature and pressure. The rate of freezing and melting depends on the latent heat of fusion or melting, the surface area, the temperature difference between the surface and the fluid, and the freezing or melting heat transfer coefficient of the fluid. The formula for freezing and melting is similar to convection:
q = hA(Ts-Tf)
The only difference is that Tf
is equal to the melting or freezing temperature of the fluid at a given pressure.
The freezing or melting heat transfer coefficient h
is usually determined experimentally or by empirical correlations.
Some examples of freezing and melting are ice formation on a lake, metal casting, wax melting, etc.
Properties of Materials
Solids
Solids are materials that have a definite shape and volume. They can resist deformation under external forces. The properties of solids that affect heat and mass transfer are density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity.
Density is the mass per unit volume of a material. It is usually expressed in kg/m or g/cm. Density affects the amount of mass that can store or release heat in a given volume.
Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a material by one degree Celsius. It is usually expressed in J/kgK or kcal/kgK. Specific heat affects the amount of heat that can be stored or released by a given mass.
Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat through itself. It is usually expressed in W/mK or kcal/mhrK. Thermal conductivity affects the rate of heat transfer by conduction within a material or between two materials in contact.
Thermal diffusivity is the ratio of thermal conductivity to density and specific heat. It is usually expressed in m/s or cm/s. Thermal diffusivity affects the speed at which heat can diffuse through a material.
Liquids
Liquids are materials that have a definite volume but no definite shape. They can flow and take the shape of their container. The properties of liquids that affect heat and mass transfer are density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, viscosity and surface tension.
Density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity have the same definitions and units as for solids, but their values may vary with temperature and pressure for liquids.
Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. It is usually expressed in Pa.s or cP. Viscosity affects the rate of heat and mass transfer by convection in a liquid.
Surface tension is the force per unit length that acts on the surface of a liquid due to intermolecular attraction. It is usually expressed in N/m or dyn/cm. Surface tension affects the shape and stability of liquid droplets or bubbles.
Gases
Gases are materials that have no definite shape or volume. They can expand and compress to fill their container. The properties of gases that affect heat and mass transfer are density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and viscosity.
Density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and viscosity have the same definitions and units as for solids and liquids, but their values may vary significantly with temperature and pressure for gases.
Heat Exchangers
Types of Heat Exchangers
A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat from one fluid to another fluid without mixing them. Heat exchangers are widely used in various industries such as power generation, refrigeration, air conditioning, chemical processing, etc. There are many types of heat exchangers depending on the flow arrangement, the construction and the design features. Some common types are:
Parallel flow heat exchanger: The fluids enter from the same end and flow parallel to each other in the same direction. This type has the lowest temperature difference between the fluids and the lowest heat transfer rate.
Counter flow heat exchanger: The fluids enter from opposite ends and flow parallel to each other in opposite directions. This type has the highest temperature difference between the fluids and the highest heat transfer rate.
Cross flow heat exchanger: The fluids cross each other at right angles. This type has a moderate temperature difference between the fluids and a moderate heat transfer rate.
Shell and tube heat exchanger: One fluid flows inside a bundle of tubes and the other fluid flows outside the tubes in a shell. This type can handle high pressures and temperatures and can be arranged in various ways such as parallel, counter or cross flow.
Plate heat exchanger: The fluids flow between thin metal plates that are stacked together and separated by gaskets. This type has a high heat transfer coefficient and a low pressure drop, but it is prone to fouling and leakage.
Heat Exchanger Design
The design of a heat exchanger involves determining the size, shape, material and configuration of the heat exchanger to achieve a desired heat transfer rate and outlet temperatures of the fluids. There are two main methods for heat exchanger design: the effectiveness-NTU method and the LMTD method.
The effectiveness-NTU method is based on the concept of heat exchanger effectiveness, which is the ratio of the actual heat transfer rate to the maximum possible heat transfer rate. The NTU is the number of transfer units, which is a measure of the size of the heat exchanger relative to its capacity. The effectiveness-NTU method can be used for any type of heat exchanger and any flow arrangement, but it requires knowing the inlet temperatures and the heat capacity rates of both fluids.
The LMTD method is based on the concept of logarithmic mean temperature difference, which is an average temperature difference between the fluids that accounts for the variation along the length of the heat exchanger. The LMTD method can be used for simple types of heat exchangers such as parallel, counter or cross flow with constant properties, but it requires knowing the inlet and outlet temperatures of both fluids.
Heat Exchanger Performance
The performance of a heat exchanger can be evaluated by measuring or calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient, which is a measure of how well the heat exchanger transfers heat from one fluid to another. The overall heat transfer coefficient depends on the individual heat transfer coefficients of the fluids, the thermal resistance of the wall or plate separating the fluids, and the fouling factor that accounts for the accumulation of dirt or scale on the surfaces. The formula for overall heat transfer coefficient is:
1/U = 1/hi + Rw + 1/ho + Rf
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient (W/mK), hi is the inside (or tube) heat transfer coefficient (W/mK), Rw is the wall (or plate) thermal resistance (mK/W), ho is the outside (or shell) heat transfer coefficient (W/mK), and Rf is the fouling factor (mK/W).
Mass Transfer
Diffusion
Diffusion is the mode of mass transfer that occurs due to molecular motion and concentration gradient. The rate of diffusion depends on the concentration gradient, the cross-sectional area, the length and the molecular diffusion coefficient of the species. The formula for diffusion is given by Fick's law:
N = -DAB(dC/dx)
where N
is the molar flux (mol/ms), DAB
is the molecular diffusion coefficient (m/s), and (dC/dx)
is the concentration gradient (mol/m).
The molecular diffusion coefficient depends on the temperature, pressure, molecular size and shape, and intermolecular forces.
Some examples of diffusion are gas mixing, evaporation, osmosis, etc.
Convection Mass Transfer
Convection mass transfer is ```html mass transfer that occurs between a solid surface and a fluid (liquid or gas) in motion due to the combined effects of molecular diffusion and bulk fluid motion. The rate of convection mass transfer depends on the concentration difference between the surface and the fluid, the velocity and the geometry of the fluid flow, and the convective mass transfer coefficient of the fluid. The formula for convection mass transfer is similar to Newton's law of cooling:
N = hmA(Cs - Cf)
where N
is the molar flux (mol/s), hm
is the convective mass transfer coefficient (mol/ms), A
is the surface area (m), Cs
is the surface concentration (mol/m), and Cf
is the fluid concentration (mol/m).
The convective mass transfer coefficient can be determined by analogy with heat transfer or by empirical correlations.
Some examples of convection mass transfer are drying, absorption, distillation, etc.
Mass Transfer Applications
Mass transfer has many applications in various industries such as chemical, petroleum, food, pharmaceutical, biological, etc. Some common mass transfer processes are:
Evaporation: The process of changing a liquid into a vapor due to heat transfer. It is used for concentration, separation or purification of liquids.
Drying: The process of removing moisture from a solid or a liquid by heat and mass transfer. It is used for preservation, storage or transportation of materials.
Absorption: The process of transferring a gas or a vapor into a liquid by physical or chemical interaction. It is used for separation, recovery or purification of gases.
Distillation: The process of separating a liquid mixture into its components by vaporization and condensation. It is used for purification, separation or analysis of liquids.
Sources of Heat and Mass Transfer Data Books
If you are looking for a reliable and comprehensive source of heat and mass transfer data and formulae, you can download or purchase one of the following data books:
A Heat Transfer Textbook by John H. Lienhard IV and John H. Lienhard V: This is an introduction to heat and mass transfer oriented toward engineering students. It is available for free download in PDF format from https://ahtt.mit.edu/. It contains 784 pages with illustrations, tables, charts and examples.
Heat and Mass Transfer Data Book by C.P. Kothandaraman and S. Subramanyan: This is a comprehensive collection of various material property data and formulae in the field of heat and mass transfer. It is available for purchase online from https://www.newagepublishers.com/servlet/nagetbiblio?bno=000001. It contains 167 pages with tables, charts and correlations.
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Frank P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt, Theodore L. Bergman and Adrienne S. Lavine: This is a textbook that covers the theory and applications of heat and mass transfer in engineering systems. It is available for purchase online from https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Fundamentals+of+Heat+and+Mass+Transfer%2C+8th+Edition-p-9781119331924. It contains 1040 pages with illustrations, examples, problems and solutions.
Conclusion
In this article, we have learned about some basic concepts and types of heat and mass transfer, the properties of materials that affect heat and mass transfer, the design and performance of heat exchangers, the principles and applications of mass transfer, and some sources of heat and mass transfer data books that you can download or purchase online. We hope that this article has helped you gain a better understanding of heat and mass transfer and inspired you to explore more about this fascinating subject.
If you are interested in learning more about heat and mass transfer, we recommend you to download or buy one of the data books mentioned above and use it as a reference for your studies or projects. You can also check out some online courses, videos, podcasts or blogs that cover heat and mass transfer topics in depth. You can also join some online communities or forums where you can ask questions, share ideas or discuss problems related to heat and mass transfer.
Heat and mass transfer is a vital field of engineering that has many applications in various industries and domains. By mastering the fundamentals and the advanced aspects of heat and mass transfer, you can enhance your skills, knowledge and creativity as an engineer, student or researcher. You can also contribute to the development and innovation of new technologies, products and processes that can improve the quality of life for yourself and others.
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions about heat and mass transfer data book pdf download:
Q: What is the difference between heat transfer and mass transfer?A: Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between different bodies or phases due to temperature difference. Mass transfer is the exchange of matter between different bodies or phases due to concentration difference.
Q: What are the modes of heat transfer?A: The modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation.
Q: What are the modes of mass transfer?A: The modes of mass transfer are diffusion and convection.
Q: What are the factors that affect heat and mass transfer?A: The factors that affect heat and mass transfer are temperature difference, concentration difference, surface area, length, fluid velocity, geometry, material properties, heat and mass transfer coefficients, etc.
Q: What are the benefits of using a data book for heat and mass transfer?A: The benefits of using a data book for heat and mass transfer are that it provides useful information for solving heat and mass tr